Eating the right foods doesn’t guarantee good nutrition. Digestion plays a key part in the body’s ability to access the nutrients in food and absorb them. The body uses a variety of digestive enzymes to break down food into usable parts. From the first bite, enzymes are important tools for good nutrition. Enzymes act as food additives are used by the body to speed up digestive processes. They are made up of proteins and work to catalyze or accelerate chemical reactions. Enzymes themselves are not changed during these reactions, but they play a key role in moving digestion forward.
Digestion Begins
Digestion actually begins in the mouth. The teeth start the process by breaking down food with chewing. These smaller pieces of food are exposed to the first digestive enzyme: amylase. This enzyme is produced by the salivary glands and gets released with saliva. Amylase helps digest carbohydrates and convert them into smaller glucose chains.
Stomach’s Help
Most people think that all digestion takes place in the stomach. While it doesn’t do all the work, the stomach does a large part of breaking down food before it heads to the small intestine. It also uses the help of enzymes. Glands in the stomach lining release pepsin, a collection of protein-digesting enzymes. Pepsin works along with hydrochloric acid to alter the protein’s structure and break it down into smaller pieces. The amylase continues to work on the carbohydrates in the stomach. Fat doesn’t get any enzymatic help yet. The stomach churns as it mixes the food, enzymes, and acid together, before the mixture moves into the small intestine.
Organs Pitch In
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the first section of the small intestine for carbohydrates, proteins and fats. For protein, the pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase. For fat, it provides lipase to split up the bonds of the fatty acids. Pancreatic amylase is released for carbohydrates. The pancreas also provides bicarbonate to neutralize the acid coming from the stomach. The liver also contributes to digestion by secreting bile to break down fat—the gallbladder stores the bile, but the liver produces and distributes it into the small intestine along with some bicarbonate.
Small Intestine’s Large Role
Enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into its smallest form as monosaccharides from carbohydrates, fatty acids from fats and amino acids from protein. For carbohydrates, the enzyme lactase breaks down the sugar from milk, called lactose. The food particles are now small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream to be delivered to and used by cells.
If the body can’t produce all these digestive enzymes(Foodchem), problems can occur. Luckily, the variety of enzymes working together can make up for most insufficiencies. But if there aren’t enough enzymes to break down food, it remains too large for absorption and passes out of the body with feces. An example of this is lactose intolerance. People who don’t produce any or enough lactase can’t digest milk or dairy foods, which can result in painful diarrhea. Improper digestion due to missing enzymes can lead to malnutrition if enough nutrients aren’t broken down from food and absorbed into the blood. A doctor will check for enzyme problems to determine whether taking supplemental enzymes would be beneficial.